Irish Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Irish Law - Case Study Example 3. Did the District Court err in not awarding compensation to the appellant for the injuries suffered by him that turned him in to a paraplegic STATEMENT OF THE FACTS James Naughton lost a significant amount of money at the racetrack seeking solace he went to powers pub were he consumed pints of larger and five double vodkas and redbull. The pub landlord knew him and offered him a lift home he refused (no attempt was made to dissuade him) he then walked the mile to were his car was located. He then drove off in search of more beer he was spotted driving erratically by several pedestrians and he then went to superMacs were he consumed a mighty mac meal. He then drove of to nellanys pub and parked his car directly in front of the premises he was served one beer but was refused anymore frustrated he drove 15 miles were he knew there was more liquor he was driving a short distance were he crashed into a wall his spinal cord was severed and he was rendered a paraplegic as a result of the crash He filed a court action alleging both pubs owed him a duty of care because he was allowed to drive when drunk and was served alcohol when drunk. The second pub Nellanys agreed to a confidential settlement, which cannot be stipulated for legal reasons. The actions against the first pub powers was dismissed on grounds that no legal authority would extend such a duty on publicans. ARGUMENT 1. Negligence has two meanings in law of torts i.e. Negligence as a mode of committing certain torts, e.g., negligently or carelessly committing trespass, nuisance or defamation. In this context it denotes the mental element, and Negligence is also considered as a separate tort. It means a conduct... He filed a court action alleging both pubs owed him a duty of care because he was allowed to drive when drunk and was served alcohol when drunk. The second pub Nellanys agreed to a confidential settlement, which cannot be stipulated for legal reasons. The actions against the first pub powers was dismissed on grounds that no legal authority would extend such a duty on publicans. 1. Negligence has two meanings in law of torts i.e. Negligence as a mode of committing certain torts, e.g., negligently or carelessly committing trespass, nuisance or defamation. In this context it denotes the mental element, and Negligence is also considered as a separate tort. It means a conduct which creates a risk of causing damage, rather than a state of mind. The House of Lords in 'Donoghue v. Stevenson'(1932) A.C. 562 treats negligence, where there is a duty to take care, as specific tort in itself, and not simply as an element is some more complex relationship or in some specialized breach of duty 'Grant v. Australian Knitting Mills(1936)A.C.85'. According to 'Heaven v. Pender' (1883) 11 Q.B.D.

Strategic Management and Unilever Essay Example for Free

Strategic Management and Unilever Essay Introduction: Unilever is a multinational corporation with â€Å"extensive product offerings in the food, detergent, and personal care business.† Because Unilever is organizing its companies on a decentralized structure, they are falling behind their competitors. In order for Unilever to succeed as a company they must look over their whole business strategy starting from their foundation and working their way through each and every subsidiary. In making minor adjustments for improvement, Unilever might pull through and have a chance of becoming a successful company once again. Case Problems: Unilever is facing many problems not only within the company but with competition as well. â€Å"Competitors are more successful by building global brands, reducing cost structure, and executing simultaneous product launches in several national markets.† In Unilever’s case, the decentralized structure is working against any efforts of building both global and regional brands. Because of many duplicates in â€Å"manufacturing, a lack of scale economies, and a high-cost structure,† they are trailing behind competitors in bringing new products to the market. Alternatives: One alternative Unilever could take would be to focus more on the products that bring in the most profit. In this case it would be the food products, which account for â€Å"60 percent of sales and include strong offerings in margarine, tea, ice cream, frozen foods, and bakery products.† Mainly because not everyone is willing or able to buy name brands or certain detergents, but there will always be a need for food. If they put more of their focus on this they would be able to exceed the already 70 percent of market share in other countries. The only downfall I see in this would be the extra profit that would normally come in from the other two options would decrease. Another alternative Unilever might consider might be to focus its detergents and personal care products in accordance to the needs and wants of communities in certain areas. For example, while one country might see it more fit to have Omo, another region might prefer the personal care products of Calvin Klein. In researching the area and what customers seem more comfortable with would help enhance sales. However, if the company would be willing to invest both time and money in doing this would be upon them. A third alternative would be for the company’s financial and marketing team to use the SWOT analysis. By using this, the company would get a better understanding of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. This would give them the chance to take advantage of what they are doing well while also showing them what exactly they should focus on to improve. Again, it would just be whether the company is willing to take the time and money to put int o the analysis. Solutions: Unilever â€Å"introduced a new structure based on regional business groups.† By creating groups and divisions in the company, each team was able to focus on a specific category of products. In doing so â€Å"groups and divisions coordinated the activities of national subsidiaries within their region to drive down operation costs and speed up the process of developing and introducing new products.† However, even with this change in structure, Unilever was still lagging behind the competition. Therefore, the company cut the number of brands sold â€Å"from 1,600 to 400 that could be marketed on a regional or global scale.† They also â€Å"reduced manufacturing plants from 380 to about 280.† Even after proceeding with this new foundation, they were still behind the competition. Unilever then decided to establish just two global product divisions. This included a â€Å"food division and a home and personal care division.† Contingency: If the solutions and changes made to the company fail, one back-up plan would be to cut out either the food or home and personal care division. That way the company would be able to focus on just one certain area. In doing so they would cut back even more products and brands, as well as  reducing manufacturing plants even more. This would help cut not only labor costs, but operating costs as well. As far as competition goes, Unilever would fall behind competing companies even more, therefore, instead of going for a global business, they should start back locally and overtime work their way back up. If they keep going at the rate they are, the company would take a bigger fall and might be harder for it to bounce back. Overtime, as they work on building the business then they can look into adding the other division, and then eventually work into competition globally once again. Conclusion: Unilever took a big step in trying to change and improve the company. Most businesses find it hard to accept change and that’s always the downfall to any great company. As far as the competition goes, Unilever has a lot to catch up on. They fell to far behind other competitors and suffered greatly from this. As long as Unilever stays patient with building their company up to what it once was, I feel that they will have no problem accomplishing a very successful company overtime.

Dating and Relationships - Long-distance Relationships Work Essay

Long-distance Relationships Work   Ã‚  Ã‚   Do long-distance relationships work? That has been the question I have been asking myself since I left for college this past fall. It's one thing to leave behind your friends and family when you go away to school. However, what happens when you leave behind your high-school sweetheart? Is there any hope your relationship could last? Doesn't everyone eventually grow apart? What about the loneliness that you will feel while being away? Won't one eventually cheat or lose interest in the other? It's inevitable, or is it?      Ã‚  Ã‚   "Long Distance Relationships have never been easy, especially for the young at heart," says Dr. Charles Madinson, a psychologist from the University of Virginia. He did his study on college students from state colleges in the eastern coast. He asked one hundred and fifty students at random from each school what their opinion on long distance relationships was and why. This study proved that 98% of college relationships do not last. He states that there are certain stresses on long distance relationships that regular relationships do not have. He says, for eighteen and nineteen year olds, it's not worth putting ourselves through all this trouble. We have the rest of our lives for a serious relationship. I find all this information hard to believe because of my own personal feelings.      Ã‚  Ã‚   I am currently in a Long Distance Relationship and what bothers me most is that practically every article that I have read or adult I have spoken to has a negative point of view. They are offering no hope, not even a chance. My high school guidance counselor, Mr. Schuart said, "Honey what's the point in trying? It's not going to work. There have been ... ...t you really have to want this relationship work. Do not listen to what others tell you; they're not in your relationship. Listen to your heart. It won't steer you wrong.    Bibliography Stephen Blake and Kimberli Bryan, Still Loving Your Long-Distance Relationship. 1998 by Anton Publishing Inc; New York, New York. Dr. Charles Madinson (1997) Coping with Moral Commitment to Long Distance Dating Relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73 (1) 104,113. Mr. Bob Schuart, high school guidance counselor. Interview at West Mifflin Area High School, on November 20, 1999 at 2:30pm. Dr. Bill Wyatt a professor of psychiatry. Long Distance Relationships,http://www.umr.edu./~counsel/long.htm bell hooks,Learning Dynamics, "Keeping close to home; class and education." 1998 by Houghton Mifflin Company.            

Advantages of Standardization

Standardization is the process by which a company makes it methods, especially its production processes, uniform throughout its organization. Standardization helps cut costs by eliminating duplicated effort and allows a company to take advantage of economies of scale when purchasing supplies. However, some advantages may be lost when a company decided to standardize its operations. Disadvantages Loss of Uniqueness If a company builds up a customer base that values its unique niche products, or if the company serves a specialized market, standardizing its processes may mean it loses some of its former customers. For example, if a restaurant builds its reputation on a varied and exotic menu, then changes to a standardized menu to provide a more predictable customer experience, its former customers may defect to competitors who provide more variety. Loss of Responsiveness. When a company expands into new markets, especially in foreign markets, standardization may work against the firm. While it may be cheaper for a restaurant to buy its trademark hamburgers in bulk, if it expands into a new market where people buy chicken much more often, its standardization measures may make it slower to respond to market conditions and end up costing money. Unsuited to Some Aspects of Business Standardization may be advantageous in some areas of business, such as production, but some aspects of a business should be tailored to the customers' needs. Customer service, advertising, distribution and product pricing must be driven by local market conditions to be successful. Stifles Creativity and Response Time Standardization has the potential to get a business into a rut. Standards, once implemented, soon become the status quo and may become entrenched in the corporate culture, making them hard to change when change is needed. However, market conditions often change, and companies that change quickly are best positioned to take advantage of them. Standardization may also stifle creativity, particularly in product design.

Nuclear Proliferation Essay

Nuclear Proliferation is the spread of nuclear weapons, fissile material, and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information, to nations which are not recognized as â€Å"Nuclear Weapon States† by the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons; also known as Nuclear Proliferation Treaty or NPT. The purpose of the treaty was to help avoid the spread of nuclear weapons to those countries that have not been recognized as nuclear weapons states. NPT has only been signed by 189 countries, not by countries that are believed to have nuclear weapons. The United States was the first and is the only country to have used a nuclear weapon in war. They used two bombs against Japan in August, 1945. Germany and Japan ceased to be involved in any nuclear weapon research. August, 1949, the USSR tested a nuclear weapon, as well as the United Kingdom in October, 1952, France developed one in 1960 and the People’s Republic of China detonated a nuclear weapon in 1964. India was next with exploding a nuclear device in 1974, and Pakistan tested a weapon in 1998. Finally, North Korea conducted a nuclear test in 2006. Pros and Cons Reasons for abolishing nuclear weapons are: †¢ The entire world would be more secure if the planet were free of nuclear weapons -Nuclear Weapons are the only weapons that have the ability to extinguish the entire human race and its entire species. †¢ The threat/use of nuclear weapons has been declared generally illegal by the World Court -On July 8th, 1996, the World Court stated that it is illegal to use or threat to use nuclear weapons †¢ Nuclear Weapons are morally at fault -nuclear Weapons are intolerable. Nuclear weapons can wipe out most if not all of the lives on Earth. †¢ Nuclear weapons don’t do what they’re supposed to do, which is prevent wars! -Nuclear weapons states have been involved in more wars than non nuclear weapon states †¢ Nuclear Weapons are extremely costly -The cost of research, development, testing, deployment, maintenance, and associated intelligence activities are combined, the price is heavy. Then you have the cost of damage to land, illness, and cancer deaths from pollution, and nuclear waste storage, the price becomes enormous. †¢ Some countries have already given up nuclear weapons, showing that it is possible for a nation to be stable without them -Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine, became nuclear weapon free states voluntarily. They transferred their nuclear warheads to Russia after the breakup of the Soviet Union. Reasons for nuclear weapons are: †¢ Nuclear Weapons cannot be uninvented -No human invention can be uninvented, but it also is not enough to abolish nuclear weapons †¢ No serious proponent of disarmament argues that the US should eliminate its nuclear arsenal unilaterally -As long as other states have nuclear weapons, the US should remain a credible restraint †¢ Steps toward zero by the US won’t cause Korea to disarm or Iran to drop its nuclear ambitions – The US would be seeking to gather the support of the other non-nuclear weapon states that are members of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, rather than seeking to influence North Korea, Iran or any other †¢ US shouldn’t ignore its allies -The United States working toward disarmament might lead some US allies to seek their own nuclear weapons †¢ US disarmament efforts should not be delinked from the wider security picture – US disarmament efforts should be probable upon improvements in the wider security movements Tactical vs. Strategic Nuclear Weapons There are two different types of nuclear weapons: tactical and strategic. Tactical means that it directly effects a tactical situation on a battlefield. It would be directly used on troops, tanks or ships. Tactical weapons were smaller and could be rocket, missile, air, or artillery launched. Strategic means it effected the environment, such as destroying a city to prevent production of military equipment for the entire war. Strategic weapons are larger and are missile, submarine, or air launched. Strategic weapons could be used for a tactical purpose and tactical weapons could be used for a strategic purpose. Threat of Terrorism and Nuclear Scare I think Terrorism has absolutely changed the way countries think about nuclear weapons. Before all countries had to worry about was whether or not their rival country was going to launch an attack on them. Now counties have to worry about other countries getting nuclear power including terrorist! Terrorist don’t think things through like other countries do. They will launch nuclear weapons on a country knowing that the country will get even. For this reason, a country simply acquiring nuclear weapons is not a restraint for them. In theory, terrorists might either seize an existing weapon or set up a secret organization to make one. In general, obtaining nuclear weapons by unauthorized individuals or groups seems unlikely because nuclear materials are difficult to acquire and to handle; but say for instance a terrorist organization was able to obtain nuclear weapons; they can become a threat to another part of the world and/or they would have to wage war endangering the lives o f the citizens in that country. Culture The legitimate language of North Korea is Korean. In North Korea, religion is inhibited. Religious activities have been nonexistent since 1945; Buddhism, Chongdogyo, and Christianity existed before but had influenced the country in a way that made them disapprove. According to CIA World Fact book, as of July, 2011, the population was 25.5 million and the growth rate about +0.42%. North Korea is bordered to the South of South Korea, to the east of the Sea of Japan, to the West of the Yellow Sea and to the North of Manchuria. Their agricultural products include rice, corn, barley, soy beans, potatoes, pig, cattle, pork, eggs and more. Nuclear Arsenal Analysis Their amount of their arsenal is unknown. But we do know that they seek to increase their nuclear arsenal. They believe North Korea continues to pursue a uranium enrichment capability drawing on the assistance it received from A.Q. Khan before his network was shutdown. North Korea continues to develop, produce, deploy, and sell ballistic missiles of increasing range and sophistication. They believe North Korea has active CW and BW programs and probably has chemical and possibly biological weapons ready for use. Why they’re a danger and to whom? North Korea is the biggest danger to South Korea. These two counties have been at war for years. For some reason North Korea continues to attempt to attack South Korea and it seems as though they won’t stop at any cost. North and South Korea has had different economic systems since the Korean War of 1950. South Korea operates under a market economy system and North Korea adapted central planning economy. Therefore, while North Korea faces chronic economic problems because of previous leader’s poor judgment, South Korea’s economy has achieved an incredible record of growth. Worst Case Scenario North Korea will challenge South Korea and a battle will occur, that will kill thousands. Culture The legitimate language of Japan is Japanese. In Japan, 83.9% is Shintoism, 71.4% is Buddhism, 2% is Christianity, and 7.8% are other. According to CIA World Fact book, as of July, 2011, the population was 126,475,664 and the growth rate is about -0.278%. Japan is in Eastern Asia, an island chain between the North Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan, east of the Korean Peninsula. Japan’s ethnic groups are Japanese, Korean, and Chinese. Japan’s agricultural goods are rice, sugar beets, vegetables, fruit; pork, poultry, dairy products, eggs; fish. Nuclear Arsenal Analysis Culture The legitimate language of Pakistan is Punjabi, Sindhi, Saraiki (a Punjabi variant) Pashtu Urdu (official), Balochi, Hindko, Brahui, English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and others. In Pakistan, Muslim (Sunni and Shia), other (includes Christian and Hindu). According to CIA World Fact book, as of July, 2011, the population was 187,342,721 and the growth rate is about 1.573%. Pakistan is in Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north. Agricultural goods in Pakistan are cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; milk, beef, mutton, eggs.

Classical schools and other schools of strategic thinking

Classical schools and other schools of strategic thinking Introduction Strategic thinking focuses on creating creative dialogue among people that shape the direction of the organization. The aim is to make the dialogue quite proactive in order to improve the operations of the organization. Strategic thinking is a mean of understanding the key drivers of business as well as improving the conventional thinking through dialoguing with the others (Mintzberg, 1996, 96).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Classical schools and other schools of strategic thinking specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is a main component of strategic planning and it uncovers the potential of the company’s management in order to create valuable opportunities for the growth of the company. Strategic thinking entails thinking, planning and acting strategically in order to ensure the success of the business (Lampel Mintzberg 1999, 21). There are various schools of strategic thinking that have been d eveloped in order to explain the meaning of effective strategic thinking. The purpose of this essay is to discuss classical school and other schools of strategic thinking. The classical school of strategic thinking The classical school of strategic thinking was come up with during the industrial revolution when factories in the industries faced management problems. There were vast labor dissatisfactions and the management was unsure on how to deal with the situation. The other issue was how to train the employees to make them loyal members of the organizations. The key objective of this school of thought was to determine the best way that could be used to undertake and manage tasks (CliffsNotes, 2010, 1). The classical school of strategic thinking was broadly categorized into classical administrative school and the classical scientific school of thought. The classical scientific school was developed to satisfy the need to improve efficiency and productivity within the factories. The main aim was to ensure that the most work is done and that the workforce has the most desired skills to do the work. This should be done through scrutinizing the skills possessed by the workforce and also paying more attention to the work process. The main proponents of the scientific classical school are Lillian Gilbreth, Fredrick Taylor, Gantt and Frank whose contribution led to the development of the classical scientific school. The administrative school on the other hand concentrated on the total organization where emphasis is laid on the developing managerial principles in the organization. The proponents of the administrative school based their study on the flow of information in an organization.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their main emphasis is to understand how the organization operates and how it can be improved to increase the performance of the org anization.   One of the greatest proponents of this school, Max Weber, argued that the organization should not be managed personally because people will be loyal to their personal supervisors instead of the organization itself. Weber believes in a bureaucratic structure of the organization where there are rules to be followed by the members of the organization. This way, he believed, would detach the organization from the personalized management.   He condemned the European organizations for personalizing their management which he described as family-like system of management. The other proponents of the administrative school include Henri Fayol, Mary P.F., and Chester B. whose contributions were very significant in the development of the school. Other Schools of Strategic Thinking Many theorists have come up with various schools of thought in their attempt to describe the issue of strategy in business management. These schools have greatly enriched the classical school of strat egic thinking. The question that has brought about the emergence of these schools is why some strategies fail while others succeed. One of these schools is The Planning School that describes strategy systems as conscious processes of formal planning (Mintzberg, 1990, 171). This school argues that the strategy systems are subject to control and can be decomposed in to various distinct steps. The other school is The Design School of strategic thinking. This school describes strategy systems as processes of conception and deliberate action of conscious thought (Goold M. 1992, 169). This school also asserts that the chief executive officer has the responsibility of controlling the strategy systems in the organization. The Positioning School of Strategic Thinking has its roots in economics. This school describes the strategy systems as analytical processes that are carried out by the analysts in the organization. The strategies of business management are described as being identifiable a nd generic in nature (Chakravarty, 2005, 1). The Entrepreneurial School on the other hand explains system strategies as strategic processes that organizational leaders have in their mind. This school argues that the strategies are long-term plans of the organization and that they define the vision of the organization (Segars Grover, 1999, 202). There is also Cognitive School whose notions are based on psychology. The school describes that there are cognitive processes in the mind of the strategist and they determine the success of the strategies implemented. The Learning School is also based on psychology of the strategists and the strategy systems are taken to be processes that are learnt over time.  The Power School of strategic thinking asserts that strategies are a result of power game within the organization and is therefore believed to have its roots in politicology (French, 2009, 59).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Classical schools and other sch ools of strategic thinking specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The other school is Environmental School which has its origin in biology. This school describes strategy systems as reactive processes resulting from the reactions of the organization to the external environment (Kemp Ashish, 2003, 1). The environment therefore determines the strategies adopted by the organization. The Cultural School also affords a description of strategies in business management. The school is based on anthropology and describes strategy systems as collective processes of social interaction of members in the organization. The social forces of culture in this case play a big role in shaping the strategies of the organization. The last school in this list is called The Configuration School that describes strategy as a form of organization transformation (Miller, 1986, 236). Conclusion The strategy systems are a complex process defined by several factors that are de scribed in the above schools of strategic thinking. Reference List Chakravarty M. 2005. The 10 schools of strategic planning. India: rediff.com India Limited. Web. CliffsNotes. 2010.   CliffsNotes.com. Classical Schools of Management. New York: Wiley Publishing Inc. Web. French S. 2009. Re-thinking the foundations of the strategic business process. Journal of Management Development Vol. 28 No. 1, 2009 pp. 51-76. Goold M. 1992. Research Notes And Communications Design, Learning And Planning: A Further Observation On The Design School Debate. Strategic Management Journal (1986-1998); Feb 1992; 13, 2; ABI/INFORM Global pg. 169.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kemp J. Ashish J. 2003. The 9 Schools of Strategic Thinking. New York. The Free Press. Web. Lampel J. Mintzberg H. 1999. Reflecting on the strategy process. Sloan Management Review; spring 1999; 40, 3; ABI/INFORM Global pg. 21. Miller, D. 1986. Configurations of Strategy and Structure: Towards a Synthesis. Strategic Management Journal (7,3, 1986: 233–249). Mintzberg H. 1990. The Design School: Reconsidering The Basic Premises of Strategy management. Strategic Management Journal; Mar/Apr 1990; 11, 3; ABI/INFORM Global pg. 171. Mintzberg H.1996. Reply to Michael Goold. California Management Review; Summer 1996; 38, 4; ABI/INFORM Global pg. 96. Segars H. Grover V. 1999. Profiles of Strategic Information Systems Planning. Information System Research; Vol.10, No. 3, September 1999. Pp. 199-232.

Project Portfolio Management

Project Portfolio Management The quality and success of projects depends on a management strategy that enables project selection to be prioritized and project development phases remain focused and aligned with project goals (Brown n.d p.1).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Project Portfolio Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To achieve that, the performance of each project development phase, tasks, and sub-tasks is continuously evaluated against established standards and benchmarks. If the project development team adheres to a set of proven project selection and implementation criteria, it is possible to develop a project which is aligned to an organization’s corporate strategy. Based on that, the project remains focused on value and managers ensure a balance between risks and project value. The project is always compliant to different standards and regulations, is always focused to achieve its priorities, and achieves the requir ed goals. It is important for project managers to ensure the project remains aligned to strategy, properly planned, executed according to project requirements, and provides measurable results to enable project teams to assess project compliance. It is important to integrate the core operating processes to be able to achieve optimal utilization of resources and to make valuable contributions. Valuable contributions to projects are based on specific and well defined project goals which operate on project portfolio management best practices (Brown n.d p.1). PPM goals It is important to clearly define project goals to ensure that the project under consideration benefits from effective planning. It is important to note that PPM managers use project goals to aligned projects to organizational strategy, create effective communication practices, balance risk across all projects, provide a disciplined approach to project selection, resource allocation, effective project governance, and prior itize project proposals.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To achieve that, project goals should be well defined to provide an effective project development guideline (Brown n.d p.1). The goals help PPM managers to efficiently allocate organizational resources and to ensure that projects with low value to the organization are removed from the list of prioritized projects. In addition, PPM enables managers to develop projects which remain focused to the organizational goals, mission, and vision statements. It is worth noting that an effective PPM enables managers to develop a list of projects undertaken by the organization. In addition, it provides a comprehensive understanding of the project scope, and ensures a project development methodology that factors risk and value. In addition, PPM goals enable project managers to achieve a healthy balance across all types of projects undertaken by the organization which have different schedules, risk profiles, costs, and complexities. The PPM managers ensure that PPM essentials are adhered to in the project development process, as discussed below. PPM essentials According to Brown (n.d p.2), a successful project adheres to project performance value assessment, effective work schedules, assessment of return on investments, capacity planning, opportunity identification, project management and planning strategies, and project prioritization. Prioritizing projects enables organizations to allocate different types of project resources effectively and to avoid financial losses. PPM managers should adhere to the best practices discussed below. Best practices The project portfolio management best practices to adhere to include customer orientation, strategy and project prioritization, effective allocation of scarce resources, use of cross functional teams, and appropriate response to the external environment.A dvertising We will write a custom report sample on Project Portfolio Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In conclusion, it is important to ensure successful project implementation based on techniques which enable project prioritization and alignment with organizational goals and objectives. Reference Brown, J C n.d, Project Portfolio Management: Metrics that Work Metrics that Work. Web.

Admonitions and Premonitions

Admonitions and Premonitions Admonitions and Premonitions Admonitions and Premonitions By Mark Nichol Admonition and premonition are two members of a small word family based on a root pertaining to scolding or warning. The family is introduced below. The Latin verb monere, meaning â€Å"advise,† â€Å"express disapproval,† or â€Å"warn,† is the root of admonition and premonition. Admonition and its sister noun admonishment are distinguished by the senses â€Å"warning about behavior† and â€Å"criticism of behavior,† respectively; the verb form, admonish, applies to both senses. A premonition, meanwhile, is a feeling of forewarning not based on conscious thought; unlike admonition, the noun does not take other forms. Monition itself, meanwhile, is a rare noun meaning â€Å"caution† or â€Å"warning.† Summon is also descended from monere, originally in the form of the Latin verb summonere, which means â€Å"warn secretly† (the first syllable is a variant of sub-); the English verb means â€Å"send for,† with the connotation of an imperative; to summon up is to call forth or evoke, as in the notion of summoning up courage or another emotion. Something that can be summoned is summonable, and one who summons is a summoner. Summons is a noun meaning â€Å"an act of summoning,† usually in the form of an order to appear in court; the plural is summonses. Other words based on monere include monitor, which originally referred to one who admonishes, checks, or reminds and came to mean â€Å"guide,† â€Å"instructor,† and â€Å"overseer.† This word has several other distinct senses: First, the monitor lizards, a genus that includes the Komodo dragon, were supposedly named for a habit some species have of standing on two legs or acting otherwise to check on or warn about the presence of predators. Second, a Civil War–era warship armored with iron was dubbed the Monitor with the notion that it would admonish its foes; the name was applied to similar and not-so-similar vessels for the next hundred years. Finally, the use of the word to describe equipment for checking the quality of electronic transmissions led to its employment in reference to display screens for televisions, computers, and other devices. Then there’s monument, from the sense of monere pertaining to reminding: A monument is a written document, record, or tribute; a structure honoring a person or event or something pertaining to a notable person or thing; or a boundary marker. A national monument is one of a class of places set aside by a country for its historic, scenic, or scientific significance. Because of the associations of structural monuments with grandeur, something great or outstanding is said to be monumental; monumentally is the adverbial form. Finally, monster derives from a sense of â€Å"something that warns†: The word describes an abnormal, strange, or terrifying living thing; something cruel, threatening, or ugly; or something especially large or successful. Monster is employed as an adjective as well in the last sense, while monstrous applies for the other meanings and monstrously serves as an adverb. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Incorrect Pronunciations That You Should AvoidWhen to Form a Plural with an Apostrophe"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?

IMC (Integrated Marketing Communication) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

IMC (Integrated Marketing Communication) - Essay Example This will take place in shopping centres as well as on television and radio. This initial advertising is sure to establish 'Larry' as a brand name for the future. Then when the parents realise what a positive impact the 'Larry the fun Koala' books are having on their child the product is sure to be promoted through word of mouth. According to a UK study, parents today are reading to their children 40% less than they did 10 years ago. With the parent-child activity of reading currently on the decline, successful children's book author, Mem Fox who has sold over more than a million copies of her books worldwide, strongly believes that the simple task of reading to a child at only three times a day, could completely eradicate literacy problems in an entire generation. Research has shown that there are many advantages of being read to as a child. The majority predominant being, that a child who has been read to, will most likely at the age of 21 months have the vocabulary of 500 words. So, the concept of creating a series of books centred on the main character, "Larry the Koala", will be implemented. This idea revolves around the importance of reinstating the value of families spending time with their children more effectively, and also the attempt to break into the competitive market of children's books in U.S.A. 2. Product Description The product that we have been allocated to design the advertising campaign for is a children's book called "Larry the fun koala". The product is meant at young children among the ages of two and five years of age. The character of Larry K. was specially intended so he would be found attractive, especially to children of this age. Larry is a small childlike cartoon koala who is growing up. Entertainment devices for the infant books include; the illustrations being bold with brighter colours, rhyming parts of the book, the incorporation of fingerplays into the book, and of course the book being made of a durable cardboard and vinyl cover so that the infant can take the book wherever they choose. 3. TARGET MARKETS The target market for our product "Larry the fun koala" is young children between the ages of two and five. It is based upon the idea argued by "Hind (2003) that is to create a product that provides an opportunity for development and learning through play." Although it must be taken into consideration that most two to five year olds do not make their own investments and product purchases, they can have a large amount of influence over what it is that their parents choose to buy. An Advertising Agency in U.S.A. 4. Advertising Objectives Firstly, our

Marketing Strategy For Entering Chinese Market Essay

Marketing Strategy For Entering Chinese Market - Essay Example lower and middle classes as their target audience, the premium standard product would automatically appeal to the upper segment of the society to have such a fine product that can also make them feel different than the people using the Chinese products that are so common, cheap and also referring to the lower standard. China is entering almost in every market whether it is electricity goods or clothing, so the product that should be introduced must be very much competitive to the Chinese product so that the people who are not being served by the Chinese goods can be served on relatively higher prices but it would make them feel supreme, so the basic idea is to introduce something that is much similar to Chinese good but must be different on numerous basis, it would also disturb the Chinese market which seems to be relatively very stable right now. According to the normal observations the product that should be introduced is a VCD/DVD player, the basic reasons for introducing them is that people are already complaining about the big giants in the market and also the material made by China is just serving the core purpose that is a picture on Television, it does not include any tangible or augmented product in it, which means that there is absolutely no quality and guarantee for it. Target Groups As discussed earlier the target market should be people who are having relatively higher income than the most of the people in the society, this does not only include the people who are top class business executives but also people who are young, who are brand conscious and also who have the habit of having excellence in every part of life, this would be made quite visible to the people through our advertisement which would be clearly showing the excellence in the product. Promotional Mix The product as discussed earlier is catering the upper class of the society or people who are having desire to excel, so according to the plan we would have to go for advertising and sales promotion by eliminating personal selling and public relations from our promotional mix list, the idea of not using personal selling is that the product is very supreme and also the market is wide spread and the nature of product is however sensitive, so to keep the product in the higher position it would be unfair to use personal selling, while there is no need of public relations at this stage. The details of advertising and sales promotion are as follows. Advertising: The best thing in the advertising is to have an emotional appeal, perhaps by showing a superior quality picture and smooth sound effects than can make a person go into dreams, and also as the product is VCD/DVD player we would have to

Schizophrenia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Schizophrenia - Essay Example Hallucinations, which are caused by disturbances of sensory perceptionThe first signs of schizophrenia often, appear as confusing, or even and/or delusions, which are false yet strongly held personal beliefs that result from an inability to separate real from unreal experiences. Less obvious symptoms, such as social isolation or withdrawal, or unusual speech, thinking, or behavior, may precede, be seen along with, or follow the psychotic symptoms. There are a lot of myths about this kind of disorder. Some say that their body is being housed with evil spirits; some say that they are usually dangerous and should not be getting close with. Actually people with this disorder are more likely to be victims and not the criminals. They are usually misjudged and misunderstood. Approximately there is 1 percent of the population will acquire schizophrenia during their lifetime. About 2 million of the Americans are suffering from this kind of disorder in every year. There is an equal frequency effects of this disorder to men and women but the men's symptoms for this disorder appear much early compared to the women (Michigirl, 2005). A news story from Crime and Justice (1998) reported about a case of a boy named Klarquist, who committed crime of 13 offenses. He had a history about this kind of disease was brought to the hospital while young because he clawed his own eye out. He was brought to be treated by psychiatric tests but was being out and lived normally after that incidence. But as he was in his adolescence he clawed his other eye again which made him officially blind. They were able to find a remedy to restore the eyesight of his other eye and therefore can still see. In October 1997, the devastating effects of that illness became clear to Klarquist's family. Driving his car north in the southbound lanes of Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, Klarquist plowed into five other cars waiting at the stoplight on East Burnside Street. "He went across the intersection aiming his car at the people there," said John Colby, the deputy district attorney assigned to the case. Although no one was very seriously injured, Colby's theory was that Klarquist was trying to commit suicide. Klarquist was charged with 13 offenses, including second-degree assault, a crime that carries a mandatory minimum sentence of almost six years in prison. Klarquist pleaded guilty but he used the insanity defense, agreeing to serve 10-year sentence under the jurisdiction of the Psychiatric Security Review Board. With this case, Klarquist should be treated to a hospital for such disorder but he was not given a chance. The hospital did not accept Klarquist because his paper works was not properly filled out. While he was waiting for the case and mess to clear out he took out his eyes. It was clear that he was not really given a fair treatment. Thought his papers were not filed out properly with his prior treatment about his disorder, he should still be accepted by the hospital. The hospital who did accept him during his treatment after his trial should be sued. The ethics has gone away by neglecting any patient that has to be treated. It is their duty to help those people and should not just rely on the processing of his papers. With this case, it is very clear that the society is really misunderstanding this kind of people. They don't know about the disorder so they judge too quickly.

Corporation Tax, Income Taxes, and Capital Gains Tax at the United Essay

Corporation Tax, Income Taxes, and Capital Gains Tax at the United Kingdom - Essay Example A limited amount of companies must pay corporation tax. The self-employed do not. However, in almost all circumstances, cooperatives, housing associations, members' clubs, and trade associations must pay corporation tax (Wikipedia, 2007). Companies that are obligated to pay corporation taxes on their profits are required to perform certain activities. First of all, they are required to notify HM Revenue and Customs that they indeed are in operation at that they are among those required to pay corporate taxes. Then, the company must file a self-assessment Company Tax Return without being assessed by the HMRC, similar to individuals who are required to file their own income taxes without first being assessed by the IRS. Lastly, this requires that accurate records of all financial dealings that contribute to the information submitted to the HMRC be kept at all times. In order for corporations that must pay corporation tax to avoid fines, they must know their statutory filing date and their normal due date. Each company must hold full responsibility for calculating its own corporation taxes and paying the amount due before the deadline. If a company fails to do so, they will owe a penalty. According to Business Link, "A company can send in its Company Tax Return at any time after the end of its accounting period but must do so no later than the statutory filing date. This is later of (a) 12 months after the end of your company's accounting period [or] (b) three months after your company receives a "notice to deliver a Company Tax Return form CT600" from HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC)" (2007). Companies who do not send their returns on time receive penalties. Companies who regularly submit their returns late enjoy increasingly higher penalties. Penalties can also be assessed for returns that are incorrect or for companies who fail to tell HMRC that they are liable to pay corporate taxes. Business Link claims that "Payment of the corporation tax itself is due exactly nine months and one day after what is called your normal due date. For most companies, the normal due date is the last day of the accounting period. So if a company's tax return covers the accounting period 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2004, then the corporation tax should be paid no later than 1 October 2005" (2007).

Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Review - Essay Example According to the Basel system, IB’s profited from the low capital weight conferred to them. This acted as a reflection of relation safety therefore making it economical for banks to offer credit as counterparties to IB’s. The role of regulatory oversight for investment banks aided maintain the cost of capital low while at the same time allowing more control. Forth coming strategies need to guarantee that equity and credit principles are not mixed up , and that the capital rules that apply to these risky businesses are targeted efficiently to them and the cost of leverage is sufficiently high to ensure their size and risk taking activities are appropriately contained (Blundell-Wignall, Atkinson & Lee 2008, p 5-6). At the conference, some maintained that this arrangement might still not evade main systemic hitches in the future. This was because banks in the monitoring boundary would continue enjoying counter party relations with IB’s and other high-risk firms outs ide the fence thus dragging them back to where they were before. The considerable risk opportunities that should be taken are not particular and so is the independence of the cost of capital. If banks are to enter into counter party relationship with the high risk firms it should be done with very clear guidelines in some cases up to full cover in order to protect the banks’ creditworthiness. ... As a result, fewer transactions would be up to the internal rate of return requirements, and control and general risk will be proportionately smaller and so would the size and way of the monetary sector on the economy. However, it was observed that now it is too late to turn the hand of time and as such, the existing strategy in the crisis necessarily should pool the weaker and stronger institutions (Blundell-Wignall, Atkinson & Lee 2008, p 10-11). Another tactic is to work with non- operating holding company structures (NOHC’s). It will split a financial company into its integral parts in which there exists distinct panels and stout firewalls among the subordinate parts. Capital laws can be designed to the riskiness of the actions of the companies, and in an occurrence of a crisis, any subsidiary making losses can easily be handled by administrators while not jeopardizing the whole corporation. To liquidate or sell a challenging IB securities trader can be done with much more ease. For instance, the IB can be a subordinate of the non-operating holding company structure (NOHC) other than an entity at the top most of the structure. In addition, the NOHC configuration is also much more transparent and in its case, it is less taxing to reduce intra-group contacts. It also offers clear and adaptable arrangement for scarcely defined, deposit-taking banking that is superior to having the bank at the top of the group or having the bank as the group itself as in the case of the universal banking in Europe. In other words, NOHC’s would be much more stress-free to regulate. The key general point to note is that high-risk financial undertakings need to pay the accurate market charges of capital without biases caused by the rule and bank structure interface. For example,

Corporation Tax, Income Taxes, and Capital Gains Tax at the United Essay

Corporation Tax, Income Taxes, and Capital Gains Tax at the United Kingdom - Essay Example A limited amount of companies must pay corporation tax. The self-employed do not. However, in almost all circumstances, cooperatives, housing associations, members' clubs, and trade associations must pay corporation tax (Wikipedia, 2007). Companies that are obligated to pay corporation taxes on their profits are required to perform certain activities. First of all, they are required to notify HM Revenue and Customs that they indeed are in operation at that they are among those required to pay corporate taxes. Then, the company must file a self-assessment Company Tax Return without being assessed by the HMRC, similar to individuals who are required to file their own income taxes without first being assessed by the IRS. Lastly, this requires that accurate records of all financial dealings that contribute to the information submitted to the HMRC be kept at all times. In order for corporations that must pay corporation tax to avoid fines, they must know their statutory filing date and their normal due date. Each company must hold full responsibility for calculating its own corporation taxes and paying the amount due before the deadline. If a company fails to do so, they will owe a penalty. According to Business Link, "A company can send in its Company Tax Return at any time after the end of its accounting period but must do so no later than the statutory filing date. This is later of (a) 12 months after the end of your company's accounting period [or] (b) three months after your company receives a "notice to deliver a Company Tax Return form CT600" from HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC)" (2007). Companies who do not send their returns on time receive penalties. Companies who regularly submit their returns late enjoy increasingly higher penalties. Penalties can also be assessed for returns that are incorrect or for companies who fail to tell HMRC that they are liable to pay corporate taxes. Business Link claims that "Payment of the corporation tax itself is due exactly nine months and one day after what is called your normal due date. For most companies, the normal due date is the last day of the accounting period. So if a company's tax return covers the accounting period 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2004, then the corporation tax should be paid no later than 1 October 2005" (2007).

Determination of the liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index Lab Report

Determination of the liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index of a cohesive soil - Lab Report Example Data plot was taken from the results of the liquid limit test, where the x-coordinates or abscissas are the calculated moisture contents and the y-coordinates or ordinates are the penetration. The data points included in the plot are P1 (63.37, 14.13); P2 (66.26, 18.90); P3 (69.58, 19.45); and P4 (70.44, 22.15). The trend line or the best fit line was automatically fitted and the equation of the line was generated. From the figure, the equation of the best fit line is: y=0.9613x – 46.148. From step (10) of the laboratory procedure for the determination of the liquid limit, the theoretical value of moisture content which would produce a penetration of 20 mm is the liquid limit of the soil. Hence, when y in the above equation is substituted with 20, the value of the liquid limit (x) may be calculated algebraically as; y = 0.9613x – 46.148. 20 = 0.9163x – 46.148 0.9163 x = 20 + 46.148 x = 68.81 ? 69% - the liquid limit of the soil The value of the liquid limit obtai ned above is verified below by manual plotting. Manual Plot of Moisture Content vs. Penetration Plastic Limits Test No. 1 2 3 4 Container No.

Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid Coursework Essay Example for Free

Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid Coursework Essay In this experiment I will be seeing how the concentration of Sodium Thiosulphate, Na2S2O3, and Hydrochloric Acid, HCl, affects the rate of the reaction. In this reaction the solution turns milky yellow as sulphate is displaced and forms a solid precipitate. Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) - 2NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + SO2 (aq) + S (s) The Rate of a reaction can be represented as: ?concentration and so is the time ? time taken for the reactants to be used up. Therefore I will be investigating if either: Rate ? [Na2S2O3]x or/and Rate ? [HCL]Y where X and Y are the orders of the reaction. To calculate the rate equation and orders of the reaction I am going to use the log function: As Rate ? [Na2S2O3]x and Rate ? [HCL]Y Rate = k1 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ [Na2S2O3]x Rate = k2 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ [HCl]Y Take logs logRate = logk1 + X log[Na2S2O3] logRate = logk2 + Y log[HCl] eq. of line Y = C + M X Y = C + M X This shows how the power, and order of the reaction, can be found by drawing a graph of logRate against log[concentration] and the gradient of the line will give the order of the reaction. The two equations can then put together to give an overall rate equation: Rate = k à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ [Na2S2O3]x[HCl]Y Experimentally I will be changing the concentrations of each the reactants independently and then calculating the rate for each concentration. From these rates I will be able to draw a log graph of rate against concentrations and from my calculation I can find the orders for each of the reactants. Variables The independent variable in the experiment is the initial concentrations of Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid. I will be changing this variable and seeing how it affect the time taken for the reaction to take place and therefore how the concentration affects the rate of the reaction. However as only one variable can be changed I will keep one reactant constant whilst changing the other to get a fair set of results. This will show me the affect of each reactant on the rate independently. The dependent variable is the one that will be monitored in the reaction. The dependent variable is the time taken for the reaction to take place which can be used to calculate the rate of the reaction. The method I will be using is by seeing how long it takes for a black cross underneath the conical flask to disappear which will be the point in all the reactions where the concentration of the sulphur precipitate is equal and so will the rate can be fairly calculated. To reduce errors I will need to use my preliminary results to find a volume that will give a long enough time to measure accurately, but not too long to affect the rate which is calculated by dividing initial concentration by time. These graphs show how if the time taken for the reaction to reach a specific concentration is too long it will not be a true reflection on the actual initial rate of the reaction. The first variable that must be controlled is the temperature of the reactions. This is because temperature will affect the rate of the reaction as a higher temperature will cause an increase in the rate. If the temperature varies between reactions it will have an affect on the results. To try and insure the same temperature is used I will have all reactants at room temperature and carry out all the reactions in one lesson. Another control is the the volume of reactants used and the depth of the solution. If this is changed the amount of precipitate that will need to be observed through will change and therefore the concentration at which the cross disappears will be different. To control this the same volumes will be used and the same conical flask will be used and therefore the depth will be the same. Similarly the cross used will need to be the same as a thicker cross would mean it will disappear at a different concentration of sulphur and the results will not be fair. Finally I w ill not shake or move the conical flask once the reactants have been put together as this again might affect the rate of the reaction. Equipment 1. 200cm3 of Na2S2O3 1. 200cm3 of HCl 2. 10 x 50cm3 beakers 3. 2 x Graduated Pipettes 4. Conical Flask 5. Stopwatch Method 1. Start by making the concentrations, using a graduated pipette measure out the correct volumes of Sodium Thiosulphate and put into 5 small 50cm3 beakers. Then add the corresponding amounts of distilled water and label with the correct concentration. 2. Secondly draw a black cross onto a piece of paper which is no bigger than the base of the conical flask, place the conical flask on top of the flask. 3. Using another graduated pipette, place 25cm3 of 2M hydrochloric acid into the bottom of the conical flask. 4. Whilst standing above the conical flask, looking directly down, simultaneously pour the first concentration of Na2S2O3 into the conical flash and start the stopwatch. 5. Keep observing and when the yellow precipitate causes the cross to completely disappear stop the stopwatch. 6. Record the time taken, wash out the conical flask thoroughly and repeat from step 3 but using the next dilution until all the concentrations have been reacted and recorded. 7. Repeat all results and average times. 8. Secondly replace the Sodium Thiosulphate with the HCl and copy above steps by measuring out correct concentrations and place into 5 more 50cm3 beakers. 9. This time add 25cm3 of Na2S2O3 into the bottom of the conical flask before recording the time taken for the cross to disappear again, for all the concentrations. 10. Repeat all results again for HCl concentrations. Initial Rates can then be calculated. Dilution Tables Na2S2O3 Concentration / moldm-3 Na2S2O3 (1M) / cm3 Distilled Water / cm3 1.0 20 0 0.8 16 4 0.6 12 8 0.4 8 12 0.2 4 16 HCl Concentration / moldm-3 HCl (2M) / cm3 Distilled Water / cm3 2.0 20 0 1.6 16 4 1.2 12 8 0.8 8 12 0.4 4 16 Safety Points As concentrated Hydrochloric acid will be used make sure eye and hand protection is worn. In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and with eye contact get medical attention immediately. Sulphur is also present so make sure the room is well ventilated to allow fumes to escape. Take care with glass wear, such as pipettes as they are fragile and may break easily. If broken clear up all glass immediately. Time Taken for Cross to Disappear / s Concentration of Na2S2O3 / moldm-3 1 2 Average Rate / moldm -3 s -1 logRate / log moldm -3 s -1 logconc. / log moldm-3 1.0 9.21 9.46 9.34 0.107 -0.971 0.000 0.8 13.71 14.00 13.86 0.072 -1.142 -0.097 0.6 17.43 17.21 17.32 0.058 -1.237 -0.222 0.4 23.66 22.71 23.19 0.043 -1.367 -0.398 0.2 49.78 50.12 49.95 0.020 -1.699 -0.699 Time Taken for Cross to Disappear / s Concentration of HCl / moldm-3 1 2 Average Rate / moldm -3 s -1 2 7.25 9.47 8.36 0.120 1.6 9.03 9.09 9.06 0.110 1.2 8.88 8.76 8.86 0.113 0.8 9.09 8.42 8.76 0.113 0.4 9.37 8.67 9.02 0.111 Analysis After drawing a graph of logRate against logConcentration and using the calculations in my plan, the gradient of the line gave me a value of 0.957 which taking into account experimental error shows the order of the reaction of Sodium Thiosulphate is 1. Also when carrying out the investigation for how the rate changes with the concentration of HCl there is no noticeable change in rate when the concentration varies. Therefore I didnt draw a graph, as the table shows HCl concentration doesnt affect the rate of the reaction and must be zero order. I can therefore deduce that the rate equation for this reaction is: Rate ? [Na2S2O3]1 and Rate ? [HCL]0 Rate = C x [Na2S2O3] where C is a constant which is proportional to the rate constant. The reason why the actual rate constant, k, can be calculated is because in the experiments the change in concentration cannot be calculated. However this always the same value as it is the concentration at which the cross disappeared and therefore the rate was proportional to 1/time. The intercept of the graph is equal to logC, -1.02, therefore C = 10-1.02 = 0.095s -1. To conclude the results show that the rate of the reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid is directly proportional to the concentration of Sodium Thiosulphate. This gives evidence to the mechanism of the reaction. In a most reactions the mechanism is not made up of one step but a series of intermediate stages where molecules form and break down. Each of these steps will have a rate which is due to how many molecules are colliding. For example if 2 molecules must collide to for one product the reaction will be 2nd order. However the overall order for the reaction cannot be calculated using the stoichiometry in the overall equation. This is because the rate is determined by the rate of the slowest step of the mechanism, known as the rate determining step. In this reaction although 2HCl molecules are needed for the reaction to take place; however from the kinetics that I found HCl has no effect on the rate and is zero order. Therefore the slowest step in this reaction is the breakdown of 1 Sodium Thiosulphate molecules as the reaction is 1st order. Evaluation I feel the results I obtained allowed me to draw a graph and come to valid conclusions and be confident about calculating the order and rate equation for this reaction. I didnt have any obvious anomalies from my graph however there are some variations that meant I couldnt calculate a rate of exactly 1. Also from my table of results for changing the concentration of HCl, where all the rates must be the same for difference concentrations, there is a anomaly with the 2.0moldm-3 concentration. A limitation of my procedure was the way in which the rate was calculated using the disappearing cross method. This involves human judgement rather than a qualitative value that can be used to calculated the rate. There will also be an accuracy issue as there is a reaction time in realising the cross has disappeared and stopping the stopwatch. Another limitation of the procedure at the start of the timing and I had to add the chemicals together and start the stopwatch. This again causes an error in the actual time period taken for the cross to disappear. Another error is in the variation of temperature. As well as environmental variations in temperature the reaction was exothermic and heat is produced. When the temperature increases the k constant will increase, this is because the molecules have more kinetic energy and there is a higher probability that they will collide and react. This means its is hard to control this factor which is affecting the rate of the reaction. There are also many accuracy errors caused by percentage error in measuring. There is a time error in the time taken when the cross disappears and the delay in stopping the time. When using the graduated there was an error of 0.05/20 = 0.25% error, human reaction time is about 0.2/9.34 = 2.1%. To reduce this error I would choose another method of measuring the rate. Instead of using the cross method I would use a light intensity machine that could measure the change in colour over a period of time and stop and start timing when it had reach a certain value. This quantitative method of measuring should make the results more accurate. To control the temperature I could use a large water bath which could control the temperature throughout the reaction. Another method that could be used is to measure the products formed. The easiest would be using a gas syringe to measure the amount of SO2 formed. This again would give a more quantitative results and increase the accuracy and reliability .

Fluctuating Prices and Declining Income of Farmers

Fluctuating Prices and Declining Income of Farmers INTRODUCTION Farming is the growing of crops and the rearing of animals. Major agricultural products include; fish, cereals, cattle, vegetables, oilseed, poultry, potatoes, sheep. Farming contributed  £5.6 billion to the UK economy in 2006. In the last 25 years, farming in Britain has transformed a lot. Farming provided employment for quite a number of people, but nowadays, with the help of machinery and equipment, and the problems associated with farming, only a few people remain on the farm. The total labour force employed in agriculture in the UK is 541,000, of whom 190,000 are employees and the remaining 351,000 are self-employed farmers, partners, directors and spouses. Overall, 1.8% of the UKs workforce is directly employed in farming .The UK food chain accounts for almost 8% of the total economy (RuSource, 2008). However, farmers have always faced problems such as Increasing population growth, water logging and salinity, converting the arable land into non-agricultural uses, high cost of production, fluctuating prices, declining income, increased tax etc. But this article will focus mainly on why farmers have been facing fluctuating prices and declining income over the years. PRICE AND AGRICULTURE Price is the amount of money needed to purchase something or the quantity of payment or compensation for something. A price fluctuation is a change in the price market. Agricultural experts and businesspeople have blamed fluctuating commodity prices, difficult capital accesses and poor development of downstream industries for poor performance of the countrys agricultural industry. Some of the causes of price fluctuations in agriculture includes; seasonal change in supply which is adversely affected by natural or climatic factors, lack of finance, use of crude implements, seasonal shortage of demand, etc. The market structure of a farm which is perfect competition also affects the price. The market structure is such that the farmer cannot influence the price. The price is determined purely by the forces of demand and supply. According to PT Perkebunan Nusantara (PTPN) IV executive director Dahlan Harahap,   fluctuating prices influenced the agricultural industrys performances because most of the companies relied on their revenues on exports. Several major commodities which are mostly exported include crude palm oil (CPO) (77 percent exported), rubber (83 percent), cacao (86) and coffee (70). INCOME AND AGRICULTURE Income is the consumption and savings opportunity gained by an entity within a specified time frame, which is generally expressed in monetary terms. However, for households and individuals, income is the sum of all the wages, salaries, profits, interest payments, rents and other forms of earnings received in a given period of time. For firms, income generally refers to net-profit: what remains of revenue after expenses have been subtracted. Farmers have faced declining income over the years due to high cost of production and low return to investment. According to Dahlan, high bank interest is one of the factors impeding the countrys agricultural industry. Indonesia, he added, sets the highest bank interest rate in Southeast Asia. This however affects farmers income. UK farming incomes are defined at the industry level by a measure known as Total Income from Farming (TIFF) and at the farm level by a measure known as Net Farm Income. Both measures have exhibited long term decline since the 1960s, reaching a low point in 2000 with average Net Farm Income at just  £8700. Governments of many countries have felt it expedient to intervene in agricultural markets, and have resorted to different forms of controls and subsidies. These have often led to the accumulation of vast surpluses, which have sometimes rotted in storage and sometimes been sold abroad at subsidized prices. The theory of demand and supply can be used to understand why farmers face fluctuating price and declining since Price is a reflection of supply and demand. DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN AGRICULTURE The agricultural sector is a very unique sector in economics because it displays characteristics in terms of the demand for and the supply of its goods not seen in any other sector. The principal characteristics of demand are that it is both income and price inelastic and it has high dependency on population and tastes which cause demand to be static in both the short and the long run. On the other hand supply is very volatile in the short run due to extraneous factors because supply is a biological process though in the long run due to technological advances we tend to observe an increasing trend. Also, because agricultural products are perishable and because the production period is long, supply will be inelastic so producers will have to supply in the short run even at very low prices. Another characteristic of supply is its atomistic structure and asset fixity. These basically imply that there will be a large number of insignificant producers and that most agricultural asset will be fixed. These have various implications for prices which are very unstable in the short run and in the long run present a declining trend. Similarly farm incomes tend to be unstable in the short run and converge in the long run though it must be noted that this is also due to extensive government subsidisation of agriculture. DEMAND Demand  refers to how much (quantity) of a product or service is desired by buyers. The quantity demanded is the amount of a good that a consumer is willing and able to buy at a given price over a given period of time. Demand curve is a graph showing the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity of the good demanded over a given time period. Price is measured on the vertical axis; quantity demanded is measured on the horizontal axis The law of demand states that the quantity of a good demanded per period of time will fall as price rises and will rise as price falls, other things being equal (ceteris paribus). Demand on price and income According to Richard and Chrystal (2007); Agricultural production is subject to large variations resulting from factors that are beyond human control. For example, bad weather reduces output below that planned by farmers while exceptionally good weather pushes output above planned levels. Inelastic demand De E Elastic demand D1 Price Inelastic demand P0 Elastic demand Quantity 0 q1 q0 q3 Unplanned changes in output . Figure 3.1 Unplanned fluctuations in output (Richard and Chrystal 2007) Because farm products often have inelastic demands, large price fluctuations causes unplanned changes in production which in turn affects farmers income. Stabilization of agricultural prices: Farmers are allowed to sell their whole crop each year. When production unexpectedly exceeds normal output, the government buys in the market. It allows price to fall, but only by the same proportion that production has increased. When production unexpectedly falls short of normal output, the government enters the market and sells some of its stocks. It allows price to rise, but only by the same proportion that production has fallen below normal. Thus, as farmers encounter unplanned fluctuations in their output, they encounter exactly offsetting fluctuations in prices, so that their revenues are stabilized. In effect, the government has converted the elasticity of demand from being inelastic to being unitary. With a unit elasticity the total revenue of sellers does not change as quantity changes, because given percentage changes in quantity are offset by equal percentage changes of price but in the opposite direction. Figure 3.2 Income stabilization (Richard and Chrystal 2007) Income stabilization is achieved by allowing prices to fluctuate in inverse proportion to output Appropriate government intervention in agricultural markets can reduce price fluctuations and stabilize producers revenues.

Innocence of Children in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Essay -- Scarl

Innocence of Children in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne does an admirable job of expressing the true nature of his characters. Nowhere in his story is this more obvious than in his portrayal of the children. Children, in their innocence will say or do anything, for unlike adults, they are not constrained by societal expectations. They are oblivious to most manners and politics and therefore, are less reserved than the adults when it comes to questioning things or speaking their mind. Pearl, the leading child in the novel, is an excellent example of childish innocence combined with almost preternatural perception. Her willpower and imagination make her a blessing and a curse to her mother, who has paid such a dear price for her child. "After testing both smiles and frowns, and proving that neither mode of treatment possessed any calculable influence, Hester was ultimately compelled to stand aside, and permit that the child be swayed to her own impulses" (Hawthorne 82). Pearl could not be controlled by anyone, nor did she easily establish relationships with others. The other children in town would often tease her and gang up on her, berating Pearl and her mother. Pearl's anger, however, was released in fits of fury as she screamed and flung things at her opponents. These heathenish qualities and unintelligible screams made many of the townsfolk believe her to be a witch (Hawthorne 85-86). In one of the final chapters, Mistress Hibbins, a confirmed witch, proclaims Pearl to be the daughter of the Prince of the Air, another term for Satan (Hawthorne 222). Pearl is never, in the entire book afraid to speak her mind. Her mother, embarrassed by many of these outbursts, tries in vain to... ...t of humanity. Maturity and responsibility come with time, but so do the restraints that humans put on their actions, tongues, and hearts. Children, however, are very perceptive, and Hawthorne makes this very clear. Their eyes and ears are always open, yet no one notices a child. Pearl's wisdom and innocence are infuriating and lovable aspects of her personality, and in many ways, she voices what Hester only thinks. Adults in The Scarlet Letter, especially Mr. Dimmsdale, keep their thoughts, feelings, and emotions to themselves, sometimes with disastrous results. In truth, only children can be trusted to tell the complete and utter truth, for they do not understand the tact of white lies, the manners with which we must conduct ourselves, or the politics of society. Work Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. 1850. New York: The Modern Library, 2000.

Elaine Showalter-The Female Tradition Essay

In her book ‘A Literature of Their Own’, Showalter attempts to rediscover the lost Atlantis of female writingfrom the archives of British literary history, for which she tries to assemble women’s writing of that period into a linear developmental process dividing it into three phases depending upon their unique characteristics, that is, the Feminine, Feminist and Female phase which thereby establishes the existence of a female tradition in the history of literature. In this essay, I shall elaborate the three phases as propounded by Showalter while critically evaluating the boundaries of these said categories. The latter half of this essay shall deal with the complexities of Showalter’s formation and classification of British women novelist’s literary genealogy. Showalter classifies the first stage of female literary history as the ‘feminine phase’ referring to literature produced during the period of 1840 to 1880.She proposes that women wrote during this period as imitator of dominant patriarchal standards conforming to the notions of high-brow literature and internalised masculine standard of art and their view on social roles, thereby developing an internalized feminine ‘self-hatred’. The disguise taken up by female authors through the use of male pseudonyms as seen in the case of the Bronte sisters, George Eliot, etc. is a perfect example of the constant rejection that women practised with regards to their ‘masculine’ nature, while at the same time signals a ‘loss of innocence’ for women as they subtly grapple with the idea of role playing required by their gender. Certain areas of experience and knowledge such as sexuality, passion, ambition and male transcendence (as propounded in Simone De Beauvoir’s theory) lied beyond the ambits of the Victorian ‘angel in the house’ or ‘the Perfect Lady’ and therefore were suppressed by women in their writing through practices of displacement (as seen in Lydia’s case in Pride and Prejudice), splitting of self (as seen in Jane Eyre through the figures  of Jane and Bertha) or even punishment (as seen in the character of Maggie in The Mill On The Floss) to uphold the idea of ‘womanliness’ in their writing. Therefore, it seemed that women novelists were compensating for their will to write by preaching submission and self-sacrifice, working at home and denouncing female self-assertiveness. However women did not simply conform to the pattern of society’s concept of ‘work for others’ and challenged the patriarchal reception of women’s writing in their own subtle ways. Emily Bronte in her novel Wuthering Heights finds release to explore the fenced territories of dark passion, madness, ruthless desire and its politics through the character of Heathcliff as he would be less scrutinised by male critics. This struggle became a site of anxiety for women writers as the act of writing in itself represented the wish to transcend the defined feminine boundaries of their society, and therefore reconstructed the political and public spheres for women. As Showalter states, the women writers of this period often grappled with the question, â€Å"where did obedience to her father and husband end and the responsibility of self-fulfilment became paramount?† Another vital aspect of this phase is the carving of space for womenin the literary circle as done by feminine writers for women to follow against the hostility and critiques they received from their male competitors and society at large. G. H. Lewes in his 1852 review â€Å"The Lady Novelist† proposed that women’s literature had fallen short of their task owning to their natural weakness of imitation. Many male critics called women’s novel â€Å"bland, didactic and senseless rambling† not taking into account the antagonism women received at the hands of male critics whenever they tried to transgress into the ‘male domains of knowledge and language’ of politics, power and desire. The ‘damns’ in Jane Eyre or the ‘dialect’ in Wuthering Heights or the slangs of Rhoda Broughton’s heroine termed as vulgar, unholy and termed by Victorian readers as ‘coarseness’. On the one hand, this ‘double bind’ that paralysed women writers made them feel humiliated by the condescension received from male critics making them obsess over the desire to avoid special treatment and achieve genuine excellence and on the other hand,it made them anxious about appearing unwomanly in their works too. Despite all such obstacles, women overcame the hurdles placed upon them by  patriarchal conditioning of repression, concealment and self-censorship and participated in the literary process thereby creating a space for their sex which was earlier not availed to them. The major contribution of the novelists of this phase to the female tradition to follow was the enabling of a cultural exchange that had a special personal significance for women at large. Following this comes the ‘feminist phase’ spanning from 1880 to 1920 which comes to aculmination following the winning of â€Å"the vote† for women. This period was marked by protest and struggle for one’s rights, oppositional equation that the female author developed with their male critics, advocacy of minority rights and values, including a demand for autonomy and seems to stand in opposition to the earlier feminine phase as it defined by an ardent ‘feminist withdrawal’. As against the casing of issues as practiced by earlier writers, women writers of the feminist period acknowledged their sexuality, passions and desire publically without any sense of patriarchal guilt or shame. Since this period also overlaps with women’s suffragette movement in Britain and America, they had also become politically assertive and this literally was translated into literature as the battle of the two sexes. The impetus provided to women’s writin g by such political activism can be seen in the works of Virginia Woolf, Elizabeth Robins, etc. The influence of the political movement gave rise to the development of an array of new characters such as men who were â€Å"effeminate fops by day and fearless heroes by night†. In contrast to earlier women writers who saw male characters as a means to escape patriarchal domination, not realising that they were exchanging one set of chains for the other; female writers of this period use male figure to further their own emancipation and re-examine the stereotypes placed upon them by their patriarchal society as done by the Sensationalist women writers in their novels. An example of this would be Florence Marryat’s Love’s Conflict where she holistically examines the exploitative trap set for women by patriarchal society’s conception of love.Such awakening resulted into a complete rejection of the notion of femininity and attacked the figure of the self-sacrificing woman in exchange for agency and self-expression. Fidelity and chastity on men’s part became a contested issue in the literature of this period and thereby reversed the  question of female faithfulness to question male loyalty. The politics of pseudonym also changed during this period as ‘Sarah Grand’ the persona taken up by Frances Elizabeth Bellenden McFall expressed a feminist pride. All these trends amalgamated into the creation of an ‘Amazon Utopia’ which rejected all notions femininity in exchange for intense female solidarity derived from a complete rejection of the then established notion of ‘womanhood and femininity’. Another major contribution of the writers of this phase is the professionalism they introduced with regards to female authorship. Just as the transition from self-hatred to feminist withdrawal was an essential shift in the two phases, similarly equality in terms of monetary payments to women writers as against the disparate differences in terms of earnings of male and female writers (a characteristic of the previous phase) was challenged and overhauled which provided women writes of this period further incentive to take up writing as a profession rather than an activity of leisure as practised by their predecessors. As Showalter argues, women by 1860’s had started â€Å"to retain their copyrights, work with printers on the commission basis and edit their own magazine†. This did not only offer women with an alternative space for securing financial support and fortifying independence from ‘patriarchal commercialism’ but also provided them with themuch required artistic and ideological freedom to explore issues concerning their lives and experiences. Women by discerning over ideas of their day to day concerns actively participated into reviewing ideas of established ‘Femininity’ and thereby providing the foundation for future women writers to develop and completely deconstruct the notion of gender and its attributes. This was followed by the last stage,that is, the ‘female phase’ beginning in 1920 and continuing to the present, which according to Showalter from 1960 onwards has entered a new era of self-awareness. This phase is the least theorised and developed by her as it is yet to meet a conclusion. The writers of this phase carry the dual cultural baggage of the history of female authorship in the form of ‘feminine self-hatred and feminist withdrawal’, yet have initiated the task of insistent self-exploration  backed by rejection of male culture moving towards separationist literature focusing on inner space and psychological interrogation rather than being socially focused so as to escape the materialistic, harsh realities of the patriarchal world. The metaphor explored by many female writers for this motif was ‘the enclosed and secret room’ which ‘extended the fantasies of enclosure’ in the form of secret rooms, hideaway attics and suffragette cells as represented in the works of Mrs Molesworth’s The Tapestry Room or Virginia Woolf’s A Room Of one’s Own. The application of this female aestheticism by writers of that period transformed itself into the fragmentation of the self through a feminist cultural analysis of words, language and ideology in their novels. This self-destructive rite of women’s aestheticism and receptivity leading to suicidal vulnerability is exemplified in the careers of Virginia Woolf and Sylvia Plath.Paradoxically, the furthering of female aestheticism also led to an apparent fringing from sexuality and its politics, where the site of the body wasveiled, disguised or denied for insistence of artistic freedom and autonomy, leading Showalter to state that even though women’s writing was â€Å"erotically charged and drenched with sexual symbolism, female aestheticism is nonetheless oddly sexless in its content†. This leads to the popularization of the idea of ‘androgyny’ in women literature of this period (Bloomsbury group being a major contributor to this ideology). Showalterfurther develops this phase stating that the literature of the female phaseentered a new, dynamic stage in 1960 to incorporate and develop itself on Marxist, Feminist and Psychoanalytical theories and therefore helped women to both deconstruct and reconstruct their identities while providing society with women’s view of life, experience, originality and individuality; as demanded by G. H. Lewis and J. S. Mill. Continuing with the conflicts of the feminist phase, novelists of this period continue to struggle with the binaries of â€Å"art and love, between self-fulfilment and duty†, but work by consolidating the gains of the past while working with a new range of language and experience converting sexuality and anger (earlier treated only as attributes of realistic characters) into sources of ‘female creative powers’. In this light, women writers have tried to unify their fragmented experience through artistic vision which Showalter states will  u ltimately leadthem to make a choice between assimilation and separation into literary mainstream in the near future. The assembly of the lineage of women novelists as done by Showalter through the construction of the above mentioned three phases in her book has significantly contributed to the establishment of a Female Literary Tradition and has helped to unearth the vast expanse of women’s literature, previously ignored. However, it appears to me that there are certain foundational impediments in her work. A major premise for her work remains the construction of women’s literary history through the genre of novel writing alone which thereby excludes the colossal mass of literature that women wrote in the forms of drama, poetry, diaries, social tracts, autobiographies, etc. To formulate any kind of literary history for women’s writing without taking into account all these genres will necessarily provide us with a fractional and restrictive imagine thereby undermining the profundity and versatility of women’s imagination, creativity and intellectual labour. To see novel writing as the only path through which women entered and created a space for themselves in literary field is not just a reductionist interrogation of the history of writing but is also an injustice done to the massive proportion of women writers who were not ‘fortunate enough’ to enter this particular field and instead worked incessantly to carve out a space for women in other genres as done by figures of Elizabeth Barrett Browning andAlice Meynell (poetess), Alice James (diarist), Hannah More (dramatist), Florence Nightingale and Mary Carpenter (social Tracts) etc. Similarly, many novelists also attempted other genres of writing and deflating their efforts outside novel writing is also playing into the patriarchal trap of reducing the toils of women writers to a singularly defined category for purposes of convenience. Similarly, Showalter in her book advances a certain dimension of universality into the category of 19th century British women novelist, pedestrianizing her struggles and triumphs over many others. Though she mentions that her foundation for the historical re-evaluation of women’s writing is the 19th century British novelist, her disregard for the categories of third world, post-colonial women’s literature is apparent in her vocabulary. Within the  foundation of her work, she fails to take into account the pivotal issue of class based Marxist evaluation of the development of women’s writing movement.To not take into account the economic constraints under which women had to work to enter the field of literature will blemish the depth and shared experience of a particular class of women writers and will also deter us from analysing their works as repositories of class strained social realism of that age. The absence of any class based differential paradigm for reviewing the works of British women novelists is an immense undercutting of the forces of patriarchy and capitalism and the role they played in obstructing women’s path to literacy emancipation.Therefore, even though she challenges the notion of the ‘canon’ by re-evaluating the exclusion of women from its centre, Showalter nonetheless, never deconstructs the ‘canon’ itself but works simply to readjust it to the requirements of a specific group of ’21st century female British academician’. Her stating that the sensation novelists of the late 19th century did not add significantly to the intellectual issues of that age but rather contributed to women’s cause byacquiring public literary space exemplifies the same. Nonetheless, despite all such complexities, Showalter’s assertion of the value of the ‘lost’ works of women writers and their role in history initiates a process of questioning and subverting of the patriarchal edifice of the ‘history of literature’. Feminine, Feminist and Female writers all had to contend with the cultural and political forces of their age and the epistemological classification of these three stages themselves reveals the developmental process that has taken place with regards to women’s writing. â€Å"The Female Tradition† is a record of the conditions and struggle that women breathed through to gain agency andchoice for their sex. Therefore even though Showalter does not pursue the full scope of her questions, she nevertheless opens the opportunity for individuals following her to further her theory and critically analyse the homogenizing politics of literary history, from not just the perspective of gender but also from a class, race and linguistic perspective. Here, Louise Bernikow’s comment becomes extremely crucial and exemplary: â€Å"What is commonly called literary history is actually a record of choices. Which writers have survived their time and which have not depends upon who noticed them and chose to record the notice.† Bibliography: Elaine Showalter’s â€Å"A Literature of Their Own†.

Japanese Culture and Society Essay

Japan is country having a strong economic power, and good income levels and the citizen’s standard of living are one of the highest in the world. Japan’s fruitful economy is a result of fine consumer goods exports which were developed with the latest technologies that Japan has to offer. Another factor which made Japan rise would be its well-rounded culture. One of the noticeable factors of Japan’s culture would be its education. Education is a stabilizing factor in a person’s life and a country. Education is one important factor in creating a strong country. The adult literacy rate in Japan is exceeding 99 percent which makes Japan to be one of the top nations in the whole world in terms of educational achievement. School education in Japan begins before grade one in preschool. It is free and a compulsory need for elementary and junior high school education. In Japan, more than 99 percent of elementary school-aged children are going to their respective school which is an astonishing statistic for a nation. Their high school are composed of two divisions which are junior and senior high school which is composed of three years each. An estimate of one third of the senior high school students continues their education to college. Their admission to different high schools and university are based on difficult entrance exams. There is much competition in getting a high position in the entrance exams because most of Japan’s well paying jobs admit employees of the graduates of high quality universities. Approximately, 1 percent of elementary schools and 5 percent of junior high schools are private establishments or are not owned by the government. An estimated of 25 percent of high schools are privately owned. There are no biases between public and private schools in Japan, entrances to elite universities are not based on the status of a student’s school. In the year 1998, it was evident that there were 604 four-year college universities and 588 two-year junior colleges were in Japan. Some of the elite and prominent universities in Japan include the University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, and Keio University in Tokyo. The early beginnings of education in Japan were sourced in the ideas and teachings from ancient China. In the 16th and 17th centuries, European travellers also affected the Japanese school education. From the years1640 to 1868, during Japan’s era of separation under the Tokugawa shoguns, Buddhist temple called terakoya served as the schools of the country. The temples took accountability for the country’s education and made astounding developments in raising the literacy levels among the population of the country. In the year 1867, it was assumed that there were more than 14,000 temple schools all over Japan. In the year 1872, the new Meiji regime created a ministry of education and a thorough educational code that integrated widespread primary education. During this period, Japan looked at other nations such as Europe and North America for effective educational models. As the Japanese regime expanded during the late 1930s and early 1940s, education of the country became a factor for nationalistic and militaristic needs. After Japan’s defeat in World War II, the educational system of the country was refurbished because of some concerns. Changes incorporated the current grade structure that states that the elementary school is six years and junior and senior high school are composed of 3 years each; there was also the implementation of a guarantee of equal access to free, public education. The changes included a finish to the teaching of nationalistic ideology. Reforms also sought to encourage students’ self-expression and increase flexibility in curriculum and classroom procedures. Nonetheless some critics still deem that education in Japan is extensively rigorous, preferring memorization of facts at the outlay of imaginative expression, and geared to encouraging social conventionality. Education in Japan is taken seriously and is a big attribute to the development of the country. Education is shown as factor in a youth’s life, it a vital block to a Japanese citizen’s structure and identity. Japan, as of any country, has its own social problems, this includes youth deviance. In Japan, there are also youth problems such as young people smoking, drinking alcohol, reading pornographic magazines and staying out late. These activities in some other countries are now accepted as ordinary youth culture. But one of the data radically shows that youths that participate in these appalling youth culture are mostly participated by lower high school students. (Yoder) The higher high school students do not involve themselves in these said youth culture unlike the lower high school students. (Yoder) Higher high school students spend most of their time in schooling. There are more occupied with academic and non academic matters such as aiming for high grades to get to an elite university and honing their skills in different sports and talents. It is a fact that when a Japanese student gets older, he becomes more mature and focuses his priorities more in his education than in awful youth activities. Education in Japan offers a complete picture of young people and a reasonable understanding of their lives. Most of the labelled delinquents in the youth of Japan are those who do not participate much in school or are not guided by their parents and guardians. (Yoder) Japan has made schooling as guidance for its youth. The country has successfully installed the importance of education to their youth and the youth responds accordingly to it. If it weren’t for their proper education, Japan’s youth wouldn’t have anything to guide it. The effect of education to the youth in Japan is great because the country focused a great deal on education and allocated much funds for it. Even though most of Japan is comprised of public schools, the public schools still have the same quality of education as of other private schools in other countries. (Yoder) This wonderful trait makes Japan’s education a wonderful asset to a Japanese person. Another evidence on how much education affects Japan would be the effect of deaf education. Until the mid-1970s, deaf citizens of Japan receive few legal privileges and little social acknowledgment. (Nakamura) By the law, they were categorized as minors or as mentally deficient, not capable of acquiring a driver’s licenses or even sign contracts and wills. Many deaf people in the country worked at establishments that offer basic tasks or were frequently unemployed, and schools for the deaf initiate a complicated regimen of speech reading and oral speech approaches rather than signing. (Nakamura) After several decades, activism became the ears of deaf men and women which are now essentially acknowledged within mainstream of Japanese society.